Pupils of Learning Difficulties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Pupils of Learning Difficulties - Essay Example There is a good number of such assessment strategies now available to the classroom teacher in the detection of children's learning difficulties, especially dyslexia. Dyslexia is sometimes defined as an impaired word and non-word reading ability, which problem is often inherited or genetic in origin (Grigorenko, 2001). In these cases, the problems of dyslexia on lack of phonological awareness, balance and automaticity are perceptible at an early age, such that failure to attend to children predisposed to dyslexia is inexcusable. The relevant literature says early palliative measures are most beneficial to society by teaching at-risk children early phonological awareness, motor skills, memory strategies and visualization techniques through games. If dyslexia cannot be prevented, these measures should at least minimize the damage of this learning difficulty on human motivation and self-esteem, whose effects could be permanent (Crombie). The puzzle that drew the scientific and academic community into the study of dyslexia is the "unexplained" reading failure in children. For the most part, the puzzle remains unexplained insofar as scientific certitude and unanimity is concerned. As a result, the education sector is still unsure of how to detect and address dyslexia in a more efficient manner. One of the major difficulties is that children present inconsistent and contradictory profiles, such that there is no single test for dyslexia with a complete measure of certainty and reliability. What is being done is to build up innumerable bits of data until the picture becomes clear (Turner, 1997). With this method, assessment approaches have been developed to help teachers identify dyslexic children. This paper examines each of the available assessment packages to help classroom teachers detect dyslexia with more accuracy and confidence. 2. Learning Difficulties A child is said to be a candidate for dyslexia when he performs poorly in phonetic reading, the most common sign of word reading difficulties in dyslexic children. Most hypotheses on phonological deficit attribute poor reading to an impaired phonological segmentation skill, which is also called phonological awareness deficit. This is because a phonological awareness deficit may affect different aspects of phonological processing. Thus, difficulty with the output and input phonology is apt to delay the acquisition of letter-sound corresponding rules or impair phoneme blending. This accounts for the persistent occurrence of non-word reading deficit in dyslexic children (Rack, et al., 1979). The ability of children to read nonsensical words is more indicative of the ability to read regular than irregular words. This suggests that at certain stages in reading development, a phonological recording strategy may be used to let the child read regular words as well as non-words. When a child's phonological awareness is deficient, his phonological recording process is also likely to be flawed. Phonology refers to the sounds

Essay and Multiple choice Exam Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

And Multiple choice Exam - Essay Example rmance over a 6- to 12-month period, _____ ratings may result, especially if information has been stored in a raters memory according to irrelevant, oversimplistic, or otherwise faulty categories. BÂ   Employees represent the quality of service of an organization. Thus, the recruitment and staffing approach is such a crucial stage in filling in a particular position in the company. It could make or break the successful operations of the company. It is essential that every employee is the perfect candidate for each job. In the case of hiring Regional Managers for Baroque, Inc., it is important that a very careful and rigorous approach be applied during the selection process. Basically, this should consist of a series of interviews, skill testing, background checks, employment verification, right to work, and medical evaluation. (Cohesive Technologies, 2011) The ideal candidate for the Regional Manager position must possess an excellent fashion sense and a vast knowledge of clothing line operation. It is important for the candidate to have passion for the kind of business he or she would be managing. He or she should be a people person who knows the right approach for different personality types. He or she should have exceptional persuasive skill as well. Sales proficiency is an indispensable factor since this type of business is profit-oriented, which should be optimized considering the upscale nature of its target market. Likewise, the aspiring Regional Manager should have the legal right to work in the his/her area of assignment. It is important that his/her connections with previous employers have ended properly. Thus, interview with a number of references should be conducted. Hiring a Regional Manager must focus on the totality of the candidate. Applicants may all have comparable skills, to the extent that their qualifications are almost of the same level. Thus, personality and attitude also count greatly. In every organization, there is a constant battle

Evidence Between Offending And Social Class

Evidence Between Offending And Social Class This essay will outline and critically evaluate the main evidence supporting an association between offending, victimisation and social class, using criminological theories such as Strain Theory and Labelling theory to demonstrate this. Social class in relation to offending and victimisation is an extremely broad area, taking this and the words limit into account this essay will specifically focus on offending and Victimisation of the lower classes in society. Class was originally defined by Karl Marx in relation to the means of production where he described two main classes the bourgeoisie the owning class and the proletariat the workers who were exploited by capitalism (Giddens, 2001). His theory has been heavily scrutinised and class is now seen as more flexible than Marx first interoperated taking into account; income, wealth and status and in addition to this culture and patterns of consumption (Giddens, 2001). In contemporary society class is based on a complex model where defined by occupation however this leads to the victimisation of the lower classes and low income families especially in respect of stereotypes regarding criminality (Croall, 1998). The stereotype of the Dangerous class arose in Victorian times as a reaction to the crime rates. The lower classes were depicted by the middle and upper classes as idle and lazy, would rather live off the proceeds of crime than do a hard days labour (Elmsley, 1996). This stereotype lives on to present day with the common belief that the lower classes the underclass are the main offenders in relation to criminal behaviour (Croall, 1998). The underclass has been defined by Giddens (2001) as a group at the bottom of society, who suffers from severe inequalities in health, education and lives off the welfare system which results in difficulties conforming to the economic, social and political norms of society which are predominantly middle class. Murray ((1990) cited in Walklate (2003)) suggests that members of the underclass are not only defined by their behaviour and unemployment status but also their involvement in crime and their illegitimacy. Durkheims theory of anomie suggests that the lack of opportunity that the underclass has consequently resulting in criminality and deviance (Marsh, Melville, Morgan, Norris, Walkington, 2006). This theory of Anomie was taken further by Merton (1910-2003) who suggested that people from more deprived areas had less change of achieving social, economic and personal growth (Marsh et al, 2006). Their opportunity is obstructed by the area they live, poverty, literacy, cultural background and which puts a strain on their ability to achieve economic status and wealth (Marsh et al, 2006). This form of Anomie theorised by Merton is Called Strain Theory which accounts for the inability for people from deprived areas to achieve their goals of status and wealth by legal means (Newburn, 2007). This therefore suggests a reason for the shift to criminality and also gives reason for the high numbers of offenders from this class (Giddens, 2001). This can also be explained by the by David Gordon a political economist who believes crime in capitalist society represents perfectly rational responses to the structure of institutions upon which capitalist societies are based meaning that due to the strain in striving for greatness and wealth people from lower classes gain their wealth through unconventional means (Reiner, 2004). Offending occurs in all social classes however, the majority of convictions occur from the lower classes of society in involving crimes such as robbery, theft, burglary and joyriding. White collar crime on the other hand is generally seen by society as crime of the middle and upper classes this may be due to accessibility the middle/upper classes have to commit fraud or exploitation of health and safety laws and with a very low conviction rate this reflecting in the crime statistics (Croall, 1998). This gives an unfair representation of crime and victimises the lower classes in society (Croall, 1998). The majority of convicted offenders are to from lower class background committing crimes of robbery, theft, burglary and crimes against property (Muncie McLaughlin, 2001) The British Crime Survey (2008/09 [online]) suggests that fifty percent of crime recorded by the police was robbery, theft, burglary, and crimes against property compared with three percent of fraud and forgery. Marsh et al (2006) suggests that Merton and Cohen see crime as a reaction to inequality and there is a common cause for such behaviours such as social influence by family, friends, peers and social background (Newburn, 2007:486). This is reflected in the offences that these prisoners have been charges with such as theft and burglary (Muncie et al, 2001). Eighty percent of offenders are male under twenty one, in prison there is an overwhelming majority of these offenders from lower classes and ethnic minorities who have been raised in deprived areas of society (Muncie et al, 2001). These statistics reflect the willingness of the government to criminalise these offenders, disregarding the deprivation and inequality that has lead to their criminality (Muncie et al, 2001). Mertons Strain theory suggests that there is a strain on the ability to achieve wealth through conventional educational means, therefore there is a need to partake in criminality to gain this wealth and status and through the participation in crime there is an increased probability in the use of drugs (Muncie et al, 2001). This was studied further by Dunlap et al ((2002) cited in Newburn 2007:486) where he investigated the lives of four generations of women from low income backgrounds, who had been sexually assaulted, violent attacked and taken drugs over their life time learning these behaviours as social norms this consequently lead to the next generation having the same fate. Victimisation occurs across the whole of society however, according to Felson Boba (2010) it is predictable and is grouped together in areas especially those of deprivation. According to the Criminal Victimisation by Family Income Study (2000) the poorest families in America were subject to three times more crime than the richest (Reiman, 2004). There are specific groups in society who are more prone to victimisation the British Crime survey (2008/09 [online]) suggest that such as; young people especially males aged 16-24 have a thirteen percent chance of being a victim of crime; unemployed have a seven percent chance, single also have a seven percent chance, ethnic minorities have a seven percent chance and people who have already been a victim of crime are more likely to fall victim again (Maguire, Morgan Reiner, 2002). In addition to this the poor are more likely to be victims of unfair working conditions according to Tombs (1999) cited in Croall (2001:74)) Safety is related to vulnerability and these groups are elderly, poor and young, miss sale of financial products due to lack of education, the adverse affects of white collar crimes such as the dumping of harmful waste in third world countries (Croall, 2001). Howard Becker (Cited in Giddens, 2001) suggests that Labelling theory can account for the victimisation of specific subcultures Anthony Platt (1969 cited in Lilly, Cullen Ball, 2007) suggests that labelling theory is biased and is aimed at helping the poorer classes attain middle class values. Croall (1998) proposes that the police play a part in the victimisation of the lower classes as they are more likely to suspect someone from a lower class background of offending due to the area in which they reside. The theory of labelling as self-fulfilling prophecy suggests that victimisation can occur of the lower classes due to society labelling them as delinquent (Lilly et al, 2007). This can happen if they are seen to associate with someone who is criminal or dresses in a way that can be perceived as delinquent this subsequent labelling could enforce conformity however, it could also push the person from social norms into criminality (Lilly et al, 2007). In conclusion this essay has outlined offending in relation to Mertons Strain Theory suggesting that there is a strain on the lower classes to achieve wealth through conventional educational means, therefore there is a need to partake in criminality (Muncie et al, 2001). Felson Boba (2010) said crime is predictable and is grouped together in areas especially those of deprivation the British Crime survey (2008/09 [online]) suggest that such as; young people especially males aged 16-24; unemployed, single, ethnic minorities and people who have already been a victim of crime are more likely to fall victim again (Maguire, Morgan Reiner, 2002). The theory of labelling as self-fulfilling prophecy suggests that victimisation can occur in the lower classes due to society labelling them as delinquent, this subsequent labelling in some cases can enforce conformity, however, it can also push the person from social norms into criminality (Lilly et al, 2007). Society appears to criminalise thes e offenders, disregarding the deprivation and inequality which has lead to the offending in the first place this consequently leads to the victimisation and labelling of the lower classes (Muncie et al, 2001).

Harley Metamorphosis :: essays research papers

In the course of the past 100 years the world had undergone a great metamorphosis. Two world wars and astronomical leaps and bounds in technology have changed our lives forever. But one thing remains unchanged; Harley-Davidson is still the undisputed leader in manufacturing and selling motorcycles. Created in 1903 in the Davidson’s backyard a new company rose and established itself as a force within the internal combustion transportation industry. It is not surprising that Harley has been around for 100 years, all one needs to point to is their mission statement. According to their 2001 annual report, Harley-Davidson’s mission statement is as follows, â€Å"We fulfill dreams through the experiences of motorcycling, by providing to motorcyclists and to the general public an expanding line of motorcycles, branded products and services in selected market segments.† Through their strong mission to serve their customers, Harley Davidson has amassed numerous strengths that keep the company as a leading innovator in the motorcycle industry. One of these strengths is buyer loyalty. According to the case, â€Å"more than 92% of its motorcycle customers intend to repurchase.† This is especially important because it shows that customers are satisfied when they buy a bike from Harley-Davidson. With brand loyalty recognized, Harley created H.O.G (Harley Owners Group) organization which now stands at 660,000 members worldwide and allows Harley enthusiasts to gather and share their love of Harley Davidson motorcycles together. Some of the other major strengths are their 500+ international retail outlets, being the leading seller of domestic motorcycles for the past 17 years, as well as having their own financial organization which has financed more than 86,000 Harley’s and continues to see increased income year after year. Along with any companies strengths are threats that could be problematic. Harley’s major threats include new companies penetrating their market and strategic alliances. In November of 2001, Kawasaki & Suzuki formed a strategic alliance which made them just a power as Harley’s #2 competitor, Honda. Also in 1999, Polaris entered into the motorcycle market. Although small now, Polaris has major name recognition and in the future could be a major threat to Harley’s United States market. Other threats right now include the decline in motorcycle riding in Europe. Stricter laws are partly to blame because there are fewer riders on the road and consequently lower sales. If the decline continues Harley may want to reconsider their position in the European market.

Corporate Social Responsibility of San Miguel Brewery Inc. Essay

San Miguel Corporation’s commitment to bring quality products to each and every Filipino home has brought together well-loved brands that make everyday life a celebration. No other company in Philippine history has developed such a rich and diverse product portfolio covering the beverage, food and packaging industries as San Miguel. Prior to the creation of San Miguel Brewery Inc., all of SMC’s beer operations were under the San Miguel Beer Division (â€Å"SMBD†), a business unit of SMC. San Miguel Brewery Inc. was incorporated on July 26, 2007, and the domestic beer business was spun off from SMC effective October 1, 2007. The spin-off of SMC’s domestic beer business into SMB was intended to realize the value of SMC’s flagship business. Due to wide varieties of products, San Miguel Corporation had this brand extension called the San Miguel Brewery Inc. SMB is the largest producer of beer in the Philippines, with a total market share of approximately more than 95% in 2008. The Company has five breweries strategically located across the Philippines and a highly developed distribution system serving approximately 471,000 retail outlets. SMB has breweries in each of Valenzuela City, Metro Manila; San Fernando City, Pampanga; Mandaue City, Cebu; Bacolod City, Negros Occidental; and Darong, Sta. Cruz, Davao del Sur, with a total annual production capacity of 15.1 million hectoliters. Each of these breweries is equipped with automated facilities capable of packaging the Company’s products in a variety of sizes and formats, including bottles, cans, and kegs San Miguel grew to its commanding position in the Southeast Asian market in spite of political upheaval, infrastructure glitches, and high taxes. It achieved its status through aggressive competitive strategies and shrewd long-range planning over the decades. In today’s corporate world, most business organizations have realized the importance to the perception of their clients and consumers on the role of the organizations in national development. They perceive that this can be accomplished by sharing a significant portion their profit. â€Å"A corporation’s initiatives in social responsibility broaden with growth of its business. This is especially true when social responsibility is woven into the fabric of its corporate structure.† â€Å"San Miguel is a company of people who care about people and communities we serve  and partner with as well as the businesses we manage. We have a proud history of doing business honorably of working to improve the quality of life and giving something back. Social responsibility exemplifies our spirit of caring. We care for our environment, our stakeholders, our customers and investors, our host communities and our people because they are integral to our growth. Our programs are design to enhance the relevance of social responsibility endeavors as we partner with this vital linkage to our various businesses. Social responsibility is a commitment we pursue for the long-term as we continue to honor our social covenant with various publics.† Eduardo M. Cojuangco Jr. (Chairman and CEO of San Miguel) Grewal & Levy (2008) stated that Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is the set of activities taken by a company in addressing the impacts of the business operations to its stakeholders. Thorne & Ferrell (2012) defined stakeholders as people that have a claim on the company’s products, operations, market industry and outcomes. The company is committed to the empowerment of San Miguel host communities and various stakeholders by harnessing corporate social responsibility among various San Miguel businesses in pursuing mutually beneficial program that lead to self reliance and sustainability. In creating an environment of sharing SMB comply with the policy on environment and environment management system. Under this is solid waste segregation, energy and water conservation, reuse, reduce, recycle and scrap selling. SMB also follows the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP). â€Å"Two years ago, the San Miguel Beer Division began implementing an international standard for food safety assurance, the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) program. Adapting HACCP for application in the breweries involved voluminous documentation, including risk assessment of raw materials, process operations, equipment, and machinery.† Grewal & Levy (2008) stated that a company can act in a socially responsible manner if its employees maintain high ethical standards. Employees must realize that their individual decisions will reflect the company’s image towards its CSR practices. Cabrera (2009) explored that in the business world, business ethics are the set of principles and standards that serves as guide to each individual in the company. Employees in a company may have different ethics. SMB took into  consideration the different beliefs and the ethical values of its employees that’s why they provided proper trainings to their employees to create a good work environment and have knowledge in providing good service to their customers, and to fully implement their CSR practices. The main components of corporate social responsibility are economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic aspects. Its economic responsibility is to bring revenue, make a profit and compensate for all the firm’s liabilities. They also have a legal responsibility to obey the law, an ethical responsibility to make sound business decision that do not violate their code of conduct and a philanthropic responsibility which is to take into consideration, and give back to the community.(Pearce II and Robinson Jr.,2009) Consumers and investors nowadays are highly possible to purchase products and services from and invest in companies with CSR policies (Grewal & Levy, 2008). According to Hecht & Ramsey (2002), what you hope to become and who you are is reflected by your corporate culture. In fact one of the San Miguel value is social responsibility, which is caring beyond business. Because we care about our stakeholders, we strictly comply with the Current Good Manufacturing Practices (CGMP) and ISO Standards by providing high quality products; we uplift the lives of our stakeholders. This study is to be undertaken to determine the general attitude of the stakeholders which involves the firm, employees, and customers, towards SMB’s corporate social programs. We expect that this study will serve as a basis for the firm to evaluate and determine the effectiveness of its social programs to its employees and customers. Rue & Byars (2003) states socially responsible firm goes beyond its obligation required by law and practices long term goal that are beneficial to the society. Knowing this SMB has its own waste water plant to ensure the water disposed isn’t harmful to the environment. In addition, the company helps the communities where they operate by caring for the environment. According to London & Morfopoules (2010) a CSR program put in place can only succeed if it is given full consideration. A social program design and actively pursue not only for poverty alleviation, (through job and benefits for the employees), educational help (sponsoring scholarships), health (conducting medical and dental mission) and environmental protect (proper waste management from within and without company premises). As a part of its CSR programs, SMB conduct their outreach  programs such as tree planting activities are done by the company. The company promotes education to youth from low income families through scholarships, literacy classes and support programs like supplemental feeding, book donations and so on that strengthen communities through capability building activities and the provision of basic social services support local enterprises that bring livelihood opportunities to community groups, dependents, San Miguel retirees and other stakeholders provide assistance to disaster stricken communities through relief and rehabilitation programs and protect, preserve and regenerate the environment. The perspective on strategic CSR developed in this paper will help managers to design strategic CSR programs based on its focus and direction, pro-activeness, activity nature, unique characteristics and benefits. CSR nowadays become a trend in any company and it is considered as one of the business strategy that the firm uses to survive in the industry. But still, doing these activities, firms are not free from different problems. In addition, having a good reputation from the public not easily gained. Thus, the researchers aim to determine the perception of customers and employees of SMB. This study will attempt to answer the following questions: This study will attempt to answer the following questions: 1. How may the respondents be described in terms of: 1.1. Age 1.2. Gender 1.3. Occupation 1.4. Place of Recedence 2. How may the Corporate Social Responsibility Program of San Miguel Brewery Inc. be assessed by its stakeholders in terms of: a. Ethical b .Legal c. Economic d. Philanthropic 3. Are there significant differences into the response of the respondents? 3.1. Employees 3.2. Community 4. What are the possible implications of the general CSR programs of SMB in creating a good perception to its customers and employees? Hypothesis Ho Ho: There are no significant differences on the response of the respondents. In terms of the ethical, legal, economic and philanthropic practices of the company. The framework of the study is divided into three parts. The first part of the framework shows the inputs that would be processed and analyze to explore the perception of the community and employees regarding the CSR program of SMB. The next part discussed about the process that would be use in variable evaluation. The last part after the evaluation and analysis is the discussion of the result of the processed inputs. Conclusions and recommendations will be given after determining the impact of Corporate Social Responsibilities to San Miguel Brewery Inc. Input The CSR practices of SMB in terms of: * Economic * Ethical * Legal * Philanthropic Process * Frequency Distribution * Weighted Mean * T-test Output To determine how the CSR practices of SMB influence the perception of employees and customers. Figure 1 This study on CSR of San Miguel Brewery Inc. is deemed significant to the following: Owner/Manager of San Miguel Brewery Inc. This study would give further insights about the firm’s current status in the industry. The study would give information that the controlling officers of the company could use to evaluate how effective the current management practices are. In addition, the study could be further utilized as a tool in determining the existing challenges concerning aspects regarding its current corporate social responsibility. Industry. This study would provide information regarding the current status of the company as an integral part of the industry in general. It would provide points that would help customers in determining if SMB is socially responsible and what practices it performs for them. Future Investors. Vital information is contained in this study, thus it is highly beneficial for individuals with investment intents. Through this, investors would gain advantage and understanding on the venture they wish to enter. This study would give them pointers on their planning and strategizing stage. Future Researches. This study would serve as a reference for future researchers in completion of academic requisites.

Jackson vs. Calhoun and the Nullification Crisis Essay

It has been rare in American history for presidents and vice-presidents not to get along, but it has happened on a few occasions: Adams and Jefferson, Kennedy and Johnson, and Eisenhower and Nixon are a few examples (Jackson vs. Calhoun-Part 1 1). However, the most controversial relationship between president and his assistant was between Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun. Their disagreements began very early on in Jackson’s administration, and lasted until after the resolution of the Nullification Crisis. Nullification is the refusal of a state to recognize a federal law within its boundaries and deem that law unconstitutional. In this case, South Carolina, led by John C. Calhoun, refused to recognize the protective tariffs in 1828, and 1832, saying that they benefited the North and injured the South. At this point in time, the American system of government was fairly new and the struggle between state and federal power was in full swing. Towards the end of the crisis, Calhoun went so far as to threaten to secede from the Union to show Jackson and the rest of America that individual state governments were indeed powerful. When the quarrel had reached its peak, Jackson had had enough and decided it was time to put an end to the crisis. The actions and decisions made by President Andrew Jackson in regards to John C. Calhoun and the Nullification Crisis not only enabled the Union to remain together, but proved the power of the federal government. Before reviewing Jackson’s actions during the Nullification Crisis it is important to understand where the disagreements between the two men originated. In 1829, just shortly before Jackson was inaugurated, John Eaton, a friend and soon to be secretary of war under Jackson, married the widow and non-reputable Peggy O’Neale Timberlake. Because Timberlake was now the wife of a man in office, the other women would have to accept her as an equal, which they were not happy about. Jackson, however, refused to believe that the women were justified in their behavior, for he considered Peggy to be â€Å"chaste as a virgin† (Barzman 56). After Jackson ordered the wives of all of his associates to regard Mrs. Eaton as a social equal, they all complied except for one; Floride Calhoun, the wife of John C. Calhoun. Calhoun later claimed to Jackson he could not (or would not) change the mind of his strong willed wife. This enraged the newly elected President and began the tumul tuous nature of the two men’s relationship. The main aspect which fueled their poor relationship was their differences in political opinions. Although both men were from similar parts of the country and both were dedicated to the welfare of their home states, they disagreed on one very important area. Jackson was a nationalist, who believed strongly in preserving the Union and placing federal power over that of the individual states. Calhoun, on the other hand, was exactly the opposite. Although prior to 1830, he had been a nationalist, Calhoun was now an extreme states’ rights advocate (Barzman 56). This colossal difference in political philosophy set the scene for the most important argument between president and vice-president and foreshadows Calhoun’s plans for South Carolina. Calhoun had been gathering his information and formulating his ideas for the future of South Carolina for quite some time, waiting for the perfect opportunity to reveal his master plan. He wanted to declare nullification because his home state of South Carolina was economically depressed, fearful about the future of slavery, and thought the new tariffs supported the North at the expense of the South (The Nullification 1). Jackson had an idea that Calhoun was planning something radical so at the Jefferson Day Dinner on April 30, 1830, he stated that â€Å"Our Union–it must be preserved†. To this Calhoun replied, â€Å"The Union. Next to our liberties, most dear† (Barzman 58). After publicly declaring his dedication to South Carolina before the Union, Calhoun resigned the vice-presidency and served in the South Carolina Senate. Less than two years later, on April 24, 1832, Calhoun sent the South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification to Jackson, in which he declared, â€Å"The people of the state of South Carolina declare the duties imposed by said acts, and all judicial proceedings which shall be hereafter had in affirmance thereof, are and shall be null and void. We do further declare that we will not submit to the application of force on the part of the Federal Government† (Hamilton 1). Jackson, appalled by this direct threat to the Union and the Federal Government, was determined to put Calhoun in his place and do anything he could to preserve the Union. Although Calhoun had stated in his Ordinance that South Carolina would not  respond to any forceful acts by the government to attempt to get Calhoun to back down, Jackson found a way to outsmart his opponent. Jackson had congress pass a bill in 1833, â€Å"which allowed him to use soldiers to enforce the tariff measures† (Nullification Crisis 1). After the Force Bill was passed, Jackson sent several warships and hundreds of soldiers to Charleston to enforce the laws of the government. Some people argue that what Jackson did was wrong because based on the constitution, Calhoun had the right to declare Nullification for South Carolina. However, what Jackson did was also constitutional and enabled the United States of America to remain as one. Had Jackson not passed the Force Bill immediately after South Carolina’s Ordinance was received, Calhoun’s scheme may have succeeded and South Carolina would have seceded from the Union, proving that the Federal Government really did not have any power over that of the individual state. After the terms of the Force Bill were set into place, Calhoun began to realize the trouble he had gotten himself into and wanted to find a dignified way to redeem himself and his home state. At first Calhoun attempted to find other states willing to support and join his cause, but no other Southern states seemed to agree with his theory of nullification. In order to resolve the issue, Calhoun went to Henry Clay, the â€Å"Great Compromiser†, for assistance. Towards the end of 1833, Clay was able to draft a compromise which â€Å"pacified South Carolina while allowing the Federal government to stand firm† (The Nullification 2). This negotiation gradually reduced the tariffs over a period of ten years until they returned down to the level which had existed in 1816. Jackson and Calhoun both signed the compromise and the crisis ended without bloodshed. Many people argue that it was due to the negotiating skills of Henry Clay, not Jackson, which enabled the Union to remain in tact. However, had Jackson not passed the Force Bill initially, Calhoun never would have been pressured into seeking out Clay for assistance. With the conclusion of the Nullification Crisis its significance to the growth of the American government became apparent. By Jackson defeating Calhoun, and essentially defeating the argument of states’ rights advocates, he accomplished two important things. His first accomplishment was that he  had â€Å"proved the power of the Federal Government to enforce laws, even when states disagree with them† (Jackson vs. Calhoun – Part 2 2). This not only gave the American people more confidence in the Federal Government, but made them begin to realize that having state governments stronger than the Federal government would not be beneficial to the nation. Jackson’s second accomplishment was that he enabled the Union to remain intact. He had postponed any bloodshed over the issue of states’ rights – but only for 30 years. Had Calhoun’s wishes been fulfilled, the Union may have fallen apart and his home state of South Carolina would have become a powerful self-governing territory. The difference in political philosophy between Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun was the root of their tumultuous relationship, which began early on in their executive life together. The confrontational nature of their relationship led America into the Nullification Crisis during which Calhoun put the welfare of his home state above that of the union, trying to secede and show the power of state government. Jackson would not have states overpowering the government, and passed the Force Bill allowing him to use the Federal Army and Navy to get South Carolina to obey the laws the Federal Government had made. State Government and Calhoun lost their battle and the Federal Government proved its powers. Although he was not able to erase the problem of states’ rights, were it not for Jackson’s intelligent decisions during the Nullification Crisis, the United States may not have existed, as a single union, as it does today.